Chapter 2 (Approaches to Avoiding Disputes) of the Handbook on Avoidance and Resolution of Tax Disputes (E/C.18/2020/CRP1)
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经济和社会事务部 发展筹资
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Domestic public resources
- Domestic revenue mobilization and taxation
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- Illicit financial flows
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- International tax cooperation: International efforts to Combating tax avoidance and evasion
- International tax cooperation: Combatting money laundering/terrorist financing
- International tax cooperation: Tax treaties, voluntary agreements and tax incentives
- International tax cooperation: Capacity building
- National control mechanisms, transparency, non-discrimination and procurement
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Domestic and international private business and finance
- The investment climate and business environment
- Achieving financial inclusion
- Facilitating the flow of remittances
- Developing domestic capital markets
- Encouraging quality direct investments
- Sustainable investing and private sector efforts and initiatives on environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors
- Encouraging philanthropic engagement that is transparent and accountable
- Incentivizing investment in underfunded areas, including clean and affordable energy
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International development cooperation
- Climate finance, disaster risk and environmental resilience
- Country allocation, levels of concessionality and graduation issues
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International trade as an engine for development
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- Development at the local level & the domestic enabling environment for trade
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- Gender/women as producers and traders
- The role of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
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Debt and debt sustainability
- Maintaining debt sustainability and improving debt sustainability assessments
- Improving public debt management
- Towards responsible borrowing and lending
- Innovative instruments for managing debt burdens
- Improving debt data and reporting
- Debt crisis resolution: Actions by official creditors
- Additional mechanisms, including involving private creditors
- Legislative efforts to address non-cooperative minority creditors
- Strengthening national legislation to address domestic sovereign debt
- Addressing systemic issues
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Science, technology, innovation and capacity-building
- Promoting information and communication technology, access to technology for all and social innovation
- Developing national policy frameworks for science, technology and innovation
- Creating a more enabling environment for science, technology and innovation
- National level institutions and mechanisms to strengthen science, technology and innovation
- International level institutions and mechanisms to strengthen science, technology and innovation
- Technology transfer
- Actions within the United Nations or by the United Nations system
- Capacity building
- New technologies and financing for development
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Cross-cutting issues
- Delivering social protection and essential public services
- Ending hunger and malnutrition
- Closing the infrastructure gap
- Promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization
- Generating full and productive employment for all
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